Guías de la Difficult Airway Society (DAS) para el manejo de la intubación difícil no-anticipada en adultos.
Resumen
Palabras clave
Referencias
Referencias
Henderson JJ, Popat MT, Latto IP, Pearce AC. Difficult Airway Society guidelines for management of the unanticipated difficult intubation. Anaesthesia 2004; 59: 675–94
4th National Audit Project of The Royal College of Anaesthetists and The Difficult Airway Society. Major complications of airway management in the United Kingdom, Report and Findings.
Royal College of Anaesthetists, London, 2011
Black AE, Flynn PER, Smith HL, Thomas ML, Wilkinson KA. Development of a guideline for the management of the unanticipated difficult airway in pediatric practice. Paediatr
Anaesth 2015; 25: 346–62
Mushambi MC, Kinsella SM, Popat M, et al. Obstetric Anaesthetists’
Association and Difficult Airway Society guidelines
for the management of difficult and failed tracheal intubation
in obstetrics. Anaesthesia 2015; 70: 1286–1306
Popat M, Mitchell V, Dravid R, Patel A, Swampillai C, Higgs A.Difficult Airway Society Guidelines for the management of
tracheal extubation. Anaesthesia 2012; 67: 318–40
Hung O, Murphy M. Context-sensitive airway management.
Anesth Analg 2010; 110: 982–3
Weller JM, Merry AF, Robinson BJ, Warman GR, Janssen A.
The impact of trained assistance on error rates in anaesthesia:a simulation-based randomised controlled trial.
Anaesthesia 2009; 64: 126–30
Smith AF. Creating guidelines and treating patients when
there are no trials or systematic reviews. Eur J Anaesthesiol
; 30: 383–5
Flin R, Fioratou E, Frerk C, Trotter C, Cook TM. Human factors in the development of complications of airway management:preliminary evaluation of an interview tool.
Anaesthesia 2013; 68: 817–25
Reason J. Human error: models and management. Br Med J 2000; 320: 768–70
Stiegler MP, Neelankavil JP, Canales C, Dhillon A. Cognitive
errors detected in anaesthesiology: a literature review and
pilot study. Br J Anaesth 2012; 108: 229–35
Greenland KB, Acott C, Segal R, Goulding G, Riley RH,
Merry AF. Emergency surgical airway in life-threatening
acute airway emergencies—why are we so reluctant to do
it? Anaesth Intensive Care 2011; 39: 578–84
Marshall S. The use of cognitive aids during emergencies in anesthesia: a reviewof the literature. Anesth Analg 2013; 117:1162–71
Chrimes N, Fritz P. The Vortex Approach 2013. Available
from http://vortexapproach.com/Vortex_Approach/Vortex.
html (accessed 18 May 2015)
ANZCA CPD Standards for Can’t Intubate Can’t Oxygenate
(CICO) education session. Available from http://www.anzca.
edu.au/fellows/continuing-professional-development/pdfs/
Appendix_12_CICO_Standard_131210.pdf (accessed 22 February 2015)
ANZCA Learning Objectives for CICO Course. Available from http://www.anzca.edu.au/fellows/continuing-professionaldevelopment/pdfs/emergency-response-activity-cico.pdf (accessed 22nd February 2015)
Frengley RW, Weller JM, Torrie J, et al. The effect of a simulation-based training intervention on the performance of established critical care unit teams. Crit Care Med 2011; 39: 2605–11
Capella J, Smith S, Philp A, et al. Teamwork training improves the clinicalcareof traumapatients. J Surg Educ 2010; 67: 439–43
CaPS Clinical Governance Unit. Communication and Patient Safety Course notes. Available from https://www.health.qld. 840 | Frerk et al.
Downloaded from http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on February 7, 2016 gov.au/metrosouth/engagement/docs/caps-notes-a.pdf (accessed 22 July 2015)
Kheterpal S, Healy D, Aziz MF, et al. Incidence, predictors,
and outcome of difficult mask ventilation combined with
difficult laryngoscopy: a report from the multicenter perioperative outcomes group. Anesthesiology 2013; 119: 1360–9
Nørskov AK, Rosenstock CV, Wetterslev J, Astrup G,
Afshari A, Lundstrøm LH. Diagnostic accuracy of anaesthesiologists’ prediction of difficult airway management in daily clinical practice: a cohort study of 188 064 patients registered in the Danish Anaesthesia Database. Anaesthesia
; 70: 272–81
Shiga T,Wajima Z, Inoue T, Sakamoto A. Predicting difficult intubation in apparently normal patients: a meta-analysis of bedside screening test performance. Anesthesiology 2005; 103: 429–37
Haynes AB, Weiser TG, Berry WR, et al. A surgical safety
checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global
population. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 491–9
Modified version of the WHO Checklist for UK 2009. Availablefrom http://www.nrls.npsa.nhs.uk/resources/?entry
id45=59860 (accessed 30 May 2015)
Perry JJ, Lee JS, Sillberg VAH, Wells GA. Rocuronium versus succinylcholine for rapid sequence induction intubation.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; 16: CD002788
Sluga M, Ummenhofer W, Studer W, Siegemund M,
Marsch SC. Rocuronium versus succinylcholine for rapid sequence induction of anesthesia and endotracheal intubation: a prospective, randomized trial in emergent cases.
Anesth Analg 2005; 101: 1356–61
Karcioglu O, Arnold J, Topacoglu H, Ozucelik DN, Kiran S,
Sonmez N. Succinylcholine or rocuronium? A meta-analysis
of the effects on intubation conditions. Int J Clin Pract 2006;
: 1638–46
Mallon WK, Keim SM, Shoenberger JM, Walls RM. Rocuronium vs. succinylcholine in the emergency department: a critical appraisal. J Emerg Med 2009; 37: 183–8
Marsch SC, Steiner L, Bucher E, et al. Succinylcholine versus rocuronium for rapid sequence intubation in intensive care: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. Crit Care 2011; 15:R199
Sørensen MK, Bretlau C, Gätke MR, Sørensen AM,
Rasmussen LS. Rapid sequence induction and intubation
with rocuronium–sugammadex compared with succinylcholine: a randomized trial. Br J Anaesth 2012; 108: 682–9
Tang L, Li S, Huang S, Ma H,Wang Z. Desaturation following rapid sequence induction using succinylcholine vs. rocuronium in overweight patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2011; 55: 203–8
Taha SK, El-Khatib MF, Baraka AS, et al. Effect of suxamethonium vs rocuronium on onset of oxygen desaturation during apnoea following rapid sequence induction. Anaesthesia 2010; 65: 358–61
Curtis R, Lomax S, Patel B. Use of sugammadex in a ‘can’t
intubate, can’t ventilate’ situation. Br J Anaesth 2012; 108:
–4
Kyle BC, Gaylard D, Riley RH. A persistent ‘can’t intubate,
can’t oxygenate’ crisis despite rocuronium reversal with sugammadex. Anaesth Intensive Care 2012; 40: 344–6
Bisschops MMA, Holleman C, Huitink JM. Can sugammadex save a patient in a simulated ‘cannot intubate, cannot ventilate’ situation? Anaesthesia 2010; 65: 936–41
Lee C, Jahr JS, Candiotti KA, Warriner B, Zornow MH,
Naguib M. Reversal of profound neuromuscular block by
sugammadex administered three minutes after rocuronium:
a comparison with spontaneous recovery from succinylcholine.
Anesthesiology 2009; 110: 1020–5
Koerber JP, Roberts GEW, Whitaker R, Thorpe CM. Variation in rapid sequence induction techniques: current practice in Wales. Anaesthesia 2009; 64: 54–9
Salem MR, Sellick BA, Elam JO. The historical background of cricoid pressure in anesthesia and resuscitation. Anesth
Analg 1974; 53: 230–2
Sellick BA. Cricoid pressure to control regurgitation of stomach contents during induction of anaesthesia. Lancet 1961; 2: 404–6
Hartsilver EL, Vanner RG. Airway obstruction with cricoid
pressure. Anaesthesia 2000; 55: 208–11
Vanner RG, Asai T. Safe use of cricoid pressure. Anaesthesia 1999; 54: 1–3
Vanner R. Techniques of cricoid pressure. Anaesth Intensive Care Med 2001; 2: 362–3
Tournadre JP, Chassard D, Berrada KR, Boulétreau P. Cricoid cartilage pressure decreases lower esophageal sphincter tone. Anesthesiology 1997; 86: 7–9
Salem MR, BruningaKW, Dodlapatii J, Joseph NJ. Metoclopramide does not attenuate cricoid pressure-induced relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter in awake volunteers. Anesthesiology 2008; 109: 806–10
Vanner RG, Clarke P, Moore WJ, Raftery S. The effect of cricoid pressure and neck support on the viewat laryngoscopy.
Anaesthesia 1997; 52: 896–900
Meek T, Gittins N, Duggan JE. Cricoid pressure: knowledge
and performance amongst anaesthetic assistants. Anaesthesia 1999; 54: 59–62
Palmer JHM, Ball DR. The effect of cricoid pressure on the cricoid cartilage and vocal cords: an endoscopic study in anaesthetised patients. Anaesthesia 2000; 55: 263–8
Shorten GD, Alfille PH, Gliklich RE. Airway obstruction following application of cricoid pressure. J Clin Anesth 1991; 3: 403–5
Ansermino JM, Blogg CE. Cricoid pressure may prevent insertion of the laryngeal mask airway. Br J Anaesth 1992; 69: 465–7
Aoyama K, Takenaka I, Sata T, Shigematsu A. Cricoid pressure impedes positioning and ventilation through the laryngeal mask airway. Can J Anaesth 1996; 43: 1035–40
Hocking G, Roberts FL, Thew ME. Airway obstruction with
cricoid pressure and lateral tilt. Anaesthesia 2001; 56: 825–8
Allman KG. The effect of cricoid pressure application on airway patency. J Clin Anesth 1995; 7: 197–9
Warters RD, Szabo T, Spinale FG, Desantis SM, Reves JG. The effect of neuromuscular blockade on mask ventilation.
Anaesthesia 2011; 66: 163–7
Sachdeva R, Kannan TR, Mendonca C, Patteril M. Evaluation of changes in tidal volume during mask ventilation following administration of neuromuscular blocking drugs.
Anaesthesia 2014; 69: 826–31
Connelly NR, Ghandour K, Robbins L, Dunn S, Gibson C. Management of unexpected difficult airway at a teaching
institution over a 7-year period. J Clin Anesth 2006; 18: 198–204
Sakles JC, Chiu S, Mosier J,Walker C, Stolz U. The importance of first pass success when performing orotracheal intubation in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2013;20: 71–8
Peterson GN, Domino KB, Caplan RA, Posner KL, Lee LA,
Cheney FW. Management of the difficult airway: a closed
claims analysis. Anesthesiology 2005; 103: 33–9
Difficult Airway Society 2015 guidelines | 841
Downloaded from http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on February 7, 2016
El-Orbany M,Woehlck H, Salem MR. Head and neck position for direct laryngoscopy. Anesth Analg 2011; 113: 103–9
Adnet F, Baillard C, BorronSW, et al. Randomized study comparing the ‘sniffing position’ with simple head extension for laryngoscopic view in elective surgery patients. Anesthesiology 2001; 95: 836–41
Magill IW. Technique in endotracheal anaesthesia. Br Med J 1930; 2: 817–9
Collins JS, Lemmens HJM, Brodsky JB, Brock-Utne JG,
Levitan RM. Laryngoscopy and morbid obesity: a comparison
of the ‘sniff’ and ‘ramped’ positions. Obes Surg 2004; 14: 1171–5
Murphy C,Wong DT. Airway management and oxygenation
in obese patients. Can J Anaesth 2013; 60: 929–45
Ranieri D, Filho SM, Batista S, Do Nascimento P. Comparison of Macintosh and AirtraqTM laryngoscopes in obese patients placed in the ramped position. Anaesthesia 2012; 67: 980–5
Rao SL, Kunselman AR, Schuler HG, Desharnais S. Laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation in the head-elevated position in obese patients: a randomized, controlled, equivalence trial. Anesth Analg 2008; 107: 1912–8
Weingart SD, Levitan RM. Preoxygenation and prevention of desaturation during emergency airway management. Ann
Emerg Med. 2012; 59: 165–75
Cattano D, Melnikov V, Khalil Y, Sridhar S, Hagberg CA. An
evaluation of the rapid airway management positioner in
obese patients undergoing gastric bypass or laparoscopic
gastric banding surgery. Obes Surg 2010; 20: 1436–41
Bell MDD. Routine pre-oxygenation – a new ‘minimum
standard’ of care? Anaesthesia 2004; 59: 943–5
McGowan P, Skinner A. Preoxygenation—the importance of
a good face mask seal. Br J Anaesth 1995; 75: 777–8
Tanoubi I, Drolet P, Donati F. Optimizing preoxygenation in
adults. Can J Anaesth 2009; 56: 449–66
Nimmagadda U, Chiravuri SD, Salem MR, et al. Preoxygenation
with tidal volume and deep breathing techniques: the
impact of duration of breathing and fresh gas flow. Anesth
Analg 2001; 92: 1337–41
Pandey M, Ursekar R, Aphale S. Three minute tidal breathing
– a gold standard techniques for pre-oxygenation for elective
surgeries. Innov J Med Health Sci 2014; 4: 194–7
Pandit JJ, Duncan T, Robbins PA. Total oxygen uptake with
two maximal breathing techniques and the tidal volume
breathing technique: a physiologic study of preoxygenation.
Anesthesiology 2003; 99: 841–6
Russell EC, Wrench I, Feast M, Mohammed F. Pre-oxygenation
in pregnancy: the effect of fresh gas flow rates within
a circle breathing system. Anaesthesia 2008; 63: 833–6
Taha SK, El-Khatib MF, Siddik-Sayyid SM, et al. Preoxygenation
by 8 deep breaths in 60 seconds using the Mapleson A
(Magill), the circle system, or the Mapleson D system. J Clin
Anesth 2009; 21: 574–8
Baraka AS, Taha SK, Aouad MT, El-Khatib MF, Kawkabani NI. Preoxygenation: comparison of maximal breathing and tidal volume breathing techniques. Anesthesiology 1999; 91: 612–6
Drummond GB, Park GR. Arterial oxygen saturation before
intubation of the trachea. An assessment of oxygenation
techniques. Br J Anaesth 1984; 56: 987–93
Hirsch J, Führer I, Kuhly P, SchaffartzikW. Preoxygenation: a comparison of three different breathing systems. Br J
Anaesth 2001; 87: 928–31
Nimmagadda U, Salem MR, Joseph NJ, Miko I. Efficacy of preoxygenation using tidal volume and deep breathing
techniques with and without prior maximal exhalation.
Can J Anaesth 2007; 54: 448–52
Gagnon C, Fortier L-P, Donati F. When a leak is unavoidable, preoxygenation is equally ineffective with vital capacity or tidal volume breathing. Can J Anaesth 2006; 53: 86–91
Dixon BJ, Dixon JB, Carden JR, et al. Preoxygenation is more effective in the 25 degrees head-up position than in the supine position in severely obese patients: a randomized controlled study. Anesthesiology 2005; 102: 1110–5
Lane S, Saunders D, Schofield A, Padmanabhan R,
Hildreth A, Laws D. A prospective, randomised controlled
trial comparing the efficacy of pre-oxygenation in the 20 degrees head-up vs supine position. Anaesthesia 2005; 60:
–7
Cressey DM, Berthoud MC, Reilly CS. Effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure to enhance pre-oxygenation in morbidly obese women. Anaesthesia 2001; 56: 680–4
Gander S, Frascarolo P, Suter M, Spahn DR, Magnusson L.
Positive end-expiratory pressure during induction of general
anesthesia increases duration of nonhypoxic apnea in morbidly obese patients. Anesth Analg 2005; 100: 580–4
Herriger A, Frascarolo P, Spahn DR, Magnusson L. The effect of positive airway pressure during pre-oxygenation and induction of anaesthesia upon duration of non-hypoxic apnoea. Anaesthesia 2004; 59: 243–7
Taha SK, Siddik-Sayyid SM, El-Khatib MF, Dagher CM,
Hakki MA, Baraka AS. Nasopharyngeal oxygen insufflation
following pre-oxygenation using the four deep breath technique. Anaesthesia 2006; 61: 427–30
Ramachandran SK, Cosnowski A, Shanks A, Turner CR. Apneic oxygenation during prolonged laryngoscopy in obese
patients: a randomized, controlled trial of nasal oxygen administration. J Clin Anesth 2010; 22: 164–8
Levitan RM. NO DESAT! Nasal Oxygen During Efforts Securing A Tube 2010. Available from http://www.airwaycam.
com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/NO-DESAT.pdf (acccessed
April 2015)
Patel A, Nouraei SA. Transnasal Humidified Rapid-Insufflation Ventilatory Exchange (THRIVE): a physiological method of increasing apnoea time in patients with difficult airways. Anaesthesia 2015; 70: 323–9
Miguel-Montanes R, Hajage D, Messika J, et al. Use of highflow nasal cannula oxygen therapy to prevent desaturation during tracheal intubation of intensive care patients with mild-to-moderate hypoxemia. Crit Care Med 2015; 43: 574–83
Vourc’h M, Asfar P, Volteau C, et al. High-flow nasal cannula oxygen during endotracheal intubation in hypoxemic patients: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Intensive Care
Med 2015; 41: 1538–48
Brown GW, Ellis FR. Comparison of propofol and increased
doses of thiopentone for laryngeal mask insertion. Acta
Anaesthesiol Scand 1995; 39: 1103–4
Ti LK, Chow MY, Lee TL. Comparison of sevoflurane with
propofol for laryngeal mask airway insertion in adults.
Anesth Analg 1999; 88: 908–12
Sury MRJ, Palmer JHMG, Cook TM, Pandit JJ. The State of UK anaesthesia: a survey of National Health Service activity in
Br J Anaesth 2014; 113: 575–84
MacG Palmer J, Pandit JJ. AAGA during induction of anaesthesia and transfer into theatre. In: Pandit JJ, Cook TM, eds. 5th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. London: Accidental Awareness during General Anaesthesia in the United Kingdom and Ireland, 2014; 63–76 842 | Frerk et al.
Downloaded from http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on February 7, 2016
Broomhead RH, Marks RJ, Ayton P. Confirmation of the ability to ventilate by facemask before administration of neuromuscular blocker: a non-instrumental piece of information? Br J Anaesth 2010; 104: 313–7
Calder I, Yentis SM. Could ‘safe practice’ be compromising
safe practice? Should anaesthetists have to demonstrate
that face mask ventilation is possible before giving a neuromuscular blocker? Anaesthesia 2008; 63: 113–5
Chambers D, Paulden M, Paton F, et al. Sugammadex for reversal of neuromuscular block after rapid sequence intubation: a systematic review and economic assessment. Br J Anaesth 2010; 105: 568–75
Reddy JI, Cooke PJ, van Schalkwyk JM, Hannam JA,
Fitzharris P, Mitchell SJ. Anaphylaxis is more common
with rocuronium and succinylcholine than with atracurium.
Anesthesiology 2015; 122: 39–45
Sadleir PHM, Clarke RC, Bunning DL, Platt PR. Anaphylaxis to
neuromuscular blocking drugs: incidence and cross-reactivity
inWestern Australia from 2002 to 2011. Br J Anaesth 2013;
: 981–7
Von Goedecke A, Voelckel WG, Wenzel V, et al. Mechanical
versus manual ventilation via a face mask during the induction
of anesthesia: a prospective, randomized, crossover
study. Anesth Analg 2004; 98: 260–3
Isono S, Tanaka A, Ishikawa T, Tagaito Y, Nishino T. Sniffing
position improves pharyngeal airway patency in anesthetized
patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Anesthesiology
; 103: 489–94
El-Orbany M,Woehlck HJ. Difficult mask ventilation. Anesth
Analg 2009; 109: 1870–80
Ramachandran SK, Kheterpal S. Difficult mask ventilation:
does it matter? Anaesthesia 2011; 66: 40–4
Niforopoulou P, Pantazopoulos I, Demestiha T, Koudouna E,
Xanthos T. Video-laryngoscopes in the adult airway management:
a topical review of the literature. Acta Anaesthesiol
Scand 2010; 54: 1050–61
Griesdale DEG, Liu D, McKinney J, Choi PT. Glidescope®
video-laryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for endotracheal
intubation: a systematic reviewand meta-analysis.
Can J Anaesth 2012; 59: 41–52
Andersen LH, Rovsing L, Olsen KS. GlideScope videolaryngoscope
vs. Macintosh direct laryngoscope for intubation
of morbidly obese patients: a randomized trial. Acta
Anaesthesiol Scand 2011; 55: 1090–7
Cooper RM, Pacey JA, Bishop MJ, Cooper RM. Cardiothoracic
anesthesia, respiration and airway; early clinical experience
with a newvideolaryngoscope (GlideScope®) in 728 patients.
Can J Anaesth 2005; 52: 191–8
Thong SY, Lim Y. Video and optic laryngoscopy assisted tracheal
intubation—the new era. Anaesth Intensive Care 2009;
: 219–33
Aziz MF, Dillman D, Fu R, Brambrink AM. Comparative effectiveness
of the C-MAC video laryngoscope versus direct
laryngoscopy in the setting of the predicted difficult airway.
Anesthesiology 2012; 116: 629–36
Mosier JM, Whitmore SP, Bloom JW, et al. Video laryngoscopy
improves intubation success and reduces esophageal intubations
compared to direct laryngoscopy in the medical intensive
care unit. Crit Care 2013; 17: R237
Asai T, Liu EH, Matsumoto S, et al. Use of the Pentax-AWS in
patients with difficult airways. Anesthesiology 2009; 110:
–904
Cavus E, Neumann T, Doerges V, et al. First clinical evaluation
of the C-MAC D-blade videolaryngoscope during
routine and difficult intubation. Anesth Analg 2011; 112:
–5
Jungbauer A, Schumann M, Brunkhorst V, Börgers A,
Groeben H. Expected difficult tracheal intubation: a prospective
comparison of direct laryngoscopy and video
laryngoscopy in 200 patients. Br J Anaesth 2009; 102: 546–50
Ericsson KA. Deliberate practice and the acquisition and
maintenance of expert performance in medicine and related
domains. Acad Med 2004; 79: S70–81
Zaouter C, Calderon J, Hemmerling TM. Videolaryngoscopy
as a new standard of care. Br J Anaesth 2015; 114: 181–3
Kok T, George RB, McKeen D, Vakharia N, Pink A. Effectiveness
and safety of the Levitan FPS ScopeTM for tracheal intubation
under general anesthesia with a simulated
difficult airway. Can J Anaesth 2012; 59: 743–50
Aziz M, Metz S. Clinical evaluation of the Levitan Optical
Stylet. Anaesthesia 2011; 66: 579–81
Bein B, Yan M, Tonner PH, Scholz J, Steinfath M, Dörges V. Tracheal intubation using the Bonfils intubation fibrescope
after failed direct laryngoscopy. Anaesthesia 2004; 59: 1207–9
Byhahn C, Nemetz S, Breitkreutz R, Zwissler B, Kaufmann M, Meininger D. Brief report: tracheal intubation using the Bonfils intubation fibrescope or direct laryngoscopy for patients with a simulated difficult airway. Can J Anaesth 2008; 55: 232–7
Thong SY,Wong TG. Clinical uses of the Bonfils Retromolar Intubation Fiberscope: a review. Anesth Analg 2012; 115: 855–66
Webb A, Kolawole H, Leong S, Loughnan TE, Crofts T,
Bowden C. Comparison of the Bonfils and Levitan optical
stylets for tracheal intubation: a clinical study. Anaesth
Intensive Care 2011; 39: 1093–7
Phua DS, Mah CL,Wang CF. The Shikani optical stylet as an
alternative to the GlideScope® videolaryngoscope in simulated
difficult intubations—a randomised controlled trial.
Anaesthesia 2012; 67: 402–6
Koh KF, Hare JD, Calder I. Small tubes revisited. Anaesthesia
; 53: 46–50
Marfin AG, Iqbal R, Mihm F, Popat MT, Scott SH, Pandit JJ.
Determination of the site of tracheal tube impingement
during nasotracheal fibreoptic intubation. Anaesthesia
; 61: 646–50
Jackson AH, Orr B, Yeo C, Parker C, Craven R, Greenberg SL.
Multiple sites of impingement of a tracheal tube as it is advanced
over a fibreoptic bronchoscope or tracheal tube
introducer in anaesthetized, paralysed patients. Anaesth
Intensive Care 2006; 34: 444–9
Jafari A, Gharaei B, Kamranmanesh MR, et al.Wire reinforced
endotracheal tube compared with Parker Flex-Tip tube for
oral fiberoptic intubation: a randomized clinical trial.
Minerva Anestesiol 2014; 80: 324–9
Heidegger T. Videos in clinical medicine. Fiberoptic intubation.
N Engl J Med 2011; 364: e42
Barker KF, Bolton P, Cole S, Coe PA. Ease of laryngeal passage
during fibreoptic intubation: a comparison of three endotracheal
tubes. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2001; 45: 624–6
Dogra S, Falconer R, Latto IP. Successful difficult intubation.
Tracheal tube placement over a gum-elastic bougie.
Anaesthesia 1990; 45: 774–6
Brull SJ, Wiklund R, Ferris C, Connelly NR, Ehrenwerth J,
Silverman DG. Facilitation of fiberoptic orotracheal intubation
with a flexible tracheal tube. Anesth Analg 1994; 78: 746–8
Kristensen MS. The Parker Flex-Tip tube versus a standard
tube for fiberoptic orotracheal intubation: a randomized
double-blind study. Anesthesiology 2003; 98: 354–8
Difficult Airway Society 2015 guidelines | 843
Downloaded from http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on February 7, 2016
Suzuki A, Tampo A, Abe N, et al. The Parker Flex-Tip tracheal
tube makes endotracheal intubation with the Bullard laryngoscope
easier and faster. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2008; 25: 43–7
Mort TC. Emergency tracheal intubation: complications associated
with repeated laryngoscopic attempts. Anesth
Analg 2004; 99: 607–13
Hasegawa K, Shigemitsu K, Hagiwara Y, et al. Association between
repeated intubation attempts and adverse events in
emergency departments: an analysis of a multicenter prospective
observational study. Ann Emerg Med 2012; 60:
–54
Martin LD, Mhyre JM, Shanks AM, Tremper KK, Kheterpal S.
,423 emergency tracheal intubations at a university hospital:
airway outcomes and complications. Anesthesiology
; 114: 42–8
Griesdale DEG, Bosma TL, Kurth T, Isac G, Chittock DR. Complications
of endotracheal intubation in the critically ill.
Intensive Care Med 2008; 34: 1835–42
Schmitt HJ, Mang H. Head and neck elevation beyond the
sniffing position improves laryngeal view in cases of difficult
direct laryngoscopy. J Clin Anesth 2002; 14: 335–8
Knill RL. Difficult laryngoscopy made easy with a ‘BURP’. Can
J Anaesth 1993; 40: 279–82
Relle A. Difficult laryngoscopy—“BURP”. Can J Anaesth 1993;
: 798–9
Lam AM. The difficult airway and BURP — a truly Canadian
perspective. Can J Anaesth 1999; 46: 298–9
Benumof JL. Difficult laryngoscopy: obtaining the best view.
Can J Anaesth 1994; 41: 361–5
Levitan RM, Mickler T, Hollander JE. Bimanual laryngoscopy:
a videographic study of external laryngeal manipulation by
novice intubators. Ann Emerg Med 2002; 40: 30–7
KaplanMB,Ward DS, Berci G. A newvideo laryngoscope—an aid to intubation and teaching. J Clin Anesth 2002; 14: 620–6
Murphy MF, Hung OR, Law JA. Tracheal intubation: tricks ofthe trade. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2008; 26: 1001–14
Latto IP, Stacey M, Mecklenburgh J, Vaughan RS. Survey of
the use of the gum elastic bougie in clinical practice.
Anaesthesia 2002; 57: 379–84
Jabre P, Combes X, Leroux B, et al. Use of gum elastic bougie
for prehospital difficult intubation. Am J Emerg Med 2005; 23:
–5
Hodzovic I,Wilkes AR, Latto IP. To shape or not to shape simulated bougie-assisted difficult intubation in a manikin.
Anaesthesia 2003; 58: 792–7
Kelly FE, Seller C. Snail trail. Anaesthesia 2015; 70: 501
Takenaka I, Aoyama K, Iwagaki T, Ishimura H, Takenaka Y, Kadoya T. Approach combining the Airway Scope and the
bougie for minimizing movement of the cervical spine during
endotracheal intubation. Anesthesiology 2009; 110:
–40
Rai MR. The humble bougie . . . forty years and still counting?
Anaesthesia 2014; 69: 199–203
Cook TM. A new practical classification of laryngeal view.
Anaesthesia 2000; 55: 274–9
Yentis SM, Lee DJ. Evaluation of an improved scoring system
for the grading of direct laryngoscopy. Anaesthesia 1998; 53:
–4
Marson BA, Anderson E, Wilkes AR, Hodzovic I. Bougie-related
airway trauma: dangers of the hold-up sign.
Anaesthesia 2014; 69: 219–23
Arndt GA, Cambray AJ, Tomasson J. Intubation bougie dissection
of tracheal mucosa and intratracheal airway obstruction.
Anesth Analg 2008; 107: 603–4
Evans H, Hodzovic I, Latto IP. Tracheal tube introducers:
choose and use with care. Anaesthesia 2010; 65: 859
Kidd JF, Dyson A, Latto IP. Successful difficult intubation. Use of the gum elastic bougie. Anaesthesia 1988; 43: 437–8
Batra R, Dhir R, Sharma S, Kumar K. Inadvertent pneumothorax
caused by intubating bougie. J Anaesthesiol Clin
Pharmacol 2015; 31: 271
Staikou C, Mani AA, Fassoulaki AG. Airway injury caused by
a Portex single-use bougie. J Clin Anesth 2009; 21: 616–7
Simpson JA, Duffy M. Airway injury and haemorrhage associated with the Frova intubating introducer. J Intensive Care Soc 2012; 13: 151–4
Turkstra TP, Harle CC, Armstrong KP, et al. The GlideScopespecific rigid stylet and standard malleable stylet are equally effective for GlideScope use. Can J Anaesth 2007; 54: 891–6
Cooper RM, Pacey JA, Bishop MJ, McCluskey SA. Early clinical
experience with a new videolaryngoscope (GlideScope) in
patients. Can J Anaesth 2005; 52: 191–8
Batuwitage B, McDonald A, Nishikawa K, Lythgoe D,
Mercer S, Charters P. Comparison between bougies and
stylets for simulated tracheal intubation with the C-MAC
D-blade videolaryngoscope. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2015; 32: 400–5
Cooper RM. Complications associated with the use of the
GlideScope videolaryngoscope. Can J Anaesth 2007; 54: 54–7
Cross P, Cytryn J, Cheng KK. Perforation of the soft palate
using the GlideScope videolaryngoscope. Can J Anaesth
; 54: 588–9
Amundson AW, Weingarten TN. Traumatic GlideScope®
video laryngoscopy resulting in perforation of the soft palate.
Can J Anaesth 2013; 60: 210–1
Choo MKF, Yeo VST, See JJ. Another complication associated
with videolaryngoscopy. Can J Anaesth 2007; 54: 322–4
Dupanovic M. Maneuvers to prevent oropharyngeal injury
during orotracheal intubation with the GlideScope video laryngoscope.
J Clin Anesth 2010; 22: 152–4
AAGBI Recommendations for standards of monitoring during
anaesthesia and recovery 2007 (4th Edn). Available from
www.aagbi.org/sites/default/files/standardsofmonitoring
pdf (accessed 24 May 2011)
Petrini F, Accorsi A, Adrario E, et al. Recommendations for
airway control and difficult airway management. Minerva
Anestesiol 2005; 71: 617–57
Kristensen MS. Ultrasonography in the management of the
airway. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2011; 55: 1155–73
Kristensen MS, Teoh WH, Graumann O, Laursen CB. Ultrasonography
for clinical decision-making and intervention
in airway management: from the mouth to the lungs and
pleurae. Insights Imaging 2014; 5: 253–79
Davies PRF, Tighe SQM, Greenslade GL, Evans GH. Laryngeal
mask airway and tracheal tube insertion by unskilled personnel.
Lancet 1990; 336: 977–9
Muller NV, Alberts AA. Unique™Laryngeal Mask airway versus
Cobra™ Perilaryngeal airway: learning curves for insertion.
South Afr J Anaesth Analg 2014; 12: 21
Lopez-Gil M, Brimacombe J, Cebrian J, Arranz J. Laryngeal
mask airway in pediatric practice: a prospective study of
skill acquisition by anesthesia residents. Anesthesiology
; 84: 807–11
Brimacombe J. Analysis of 1500 laryngeal mask uses by one
anaesthetist in adults undergoing routine anaesthesia.
Anaesthesia 1996; 51: 76–80
Greaves JD. Training time and consultant practice. Br J
Anaesth 2005; 95: 581–3
| Frerk et al.
Downloaded from http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on February 7, 2016
Asai T, Barclay K, Power I, Vaughan RS. Cricoid pressure and
the LMA: efficacy and interpretation. Br J Anaesth 1994; 73:
–4
Brimacombe J. Difficult Airway. In: Brimacombe J, ed.
Laryngeal Mask Anesthesia Principles and Practice, 2nd Edn.
Philadelphia: Saunders, 2005; 305–56
Hashimoto Y, Asai T, Arai T, Okuda Y. Effect of cricoid pressure
on placement of the I-gel™: a randomised study.
Anaesthesia 2014; 69: 878–82
Asai T, Goy RWL, Liu EHC. Cricoid pressure prevents placement
of the laryngeal tube and laryngeal tube-suction II.
Br J Anaesth 2007; 99: 282–5
Li CW, Xue FS, Xu YC, et al. Cricoid pressure impedes insertion
of, and ventilation through, the ProSeal laryngeal mask
airway in anesthetized, paralyzed patients. Anesth Analg
; 104: 1195–8
Cook TM, Kelly FE. Time to abandon the ‘vintage’ laryngeal
mask airway and adopt second-generation supraglottic airway
devices as first choice. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115: 497–9
Brain AIJ, Verghese C, Strube PJ. The LMA ‘ProSeal’—a laryngeal
mask with an oesophageal vent. Br J Anaesth 2000; 84:
–4
Levitan RM, Kinkle WC. Initial anatomic investigations of
the I-gel airway: a novel supraglottic airway without inflatable
cuff. Anaesthesia 2005; 60: 1022–6
Van Zundert A, Brimacombe J. The LMA Supreme™—a pilot
study. Anaesthesia 2008; 63: 209–10
Tiefenthaler W, Eschertzhuber S, Brimacombe J, Fricke E,
Keller C, Kaufmann M. A randomised, non-crossover study
of the GuardianCPV™ Laryngeal Mask versus the LMA Supreme
™ in paralysed, anaesthetised female patients.
Anaesthesia 2013; 68: 600–4
Miller DM, Lavelle M. A streamlined pharynx airway liner: a
pilot study in 22 patients in controlled and spontaneous
ventilation. Anesth Analg 2002; 94: 759–61
Youssef MMI, Lofty M, Hammad Y, Elmenshawy E. Comparative
study between LMA-Proseal™ and Air-Q® Blocker
for ventilation in adult eye trauma patients. Egypt J
Anaesth 2014; 30: 227–33
Alexiev V, Salim A, Kevin LG, Laffey JG. An observational
study of the Baska® mask: a novel supraglottic airway.
Anaesthesia 2012; 67: 640–5
Lopez Sala-Blanch X, Valero R, Prats AA. Cross-over assessment
of the AmbuAuraGain, LMA SupremeNewCuff and Intersurgical
I-Gel in fresh cadavers. Open J Anesthesiol 2014; 4:
–9
Mihai R, Knottenbelt G, Cook TM. Evaluation of the revised
laryngeal tube suction: the laryngeal tube suction II in 100
patients. Br J Anaesth 2007; 99: 734–9
Theiler L, Gutzmann M, Kleine-Brueggeney M, Urwyler N,
Kaempfen B, Greif R. i-gel™ supraglottic airway in clinical
practice: a prospective observational multicentre study. Br
J Anaesth 2012; 109: 990–5
Cook TM, Gibbison B. Analysis of 1000 consecutive uses of
the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway by one anaesthetist at a
district general hospital. Br J Anaesth 2007; 99: 436–9
GoldmannK, Hechtfischer C,Malik A,Kussin A, Freisburger C.
Use of ProSeal™laryngealmask airway in 2114 adult patients:
a prospective study. Anesth Analg 2008; 107: 1856–61
Yao WY, Li SY, Sng BL, Lim Y, Sia AT. The LMA Supreme™in
parturients undergoing Cesarean delivery: an observational
study. Can J Anaesth 2012; 59: 648–54
Cook TM, Lee G, Nolan JP. The ProSeal™ laryngeal mask airway:
a review of the literature. Can J Anaesth 2005; 52: 739–60
De Montblanc J, Ruscio L, Mazoit JX, Benhamou D. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the i-gel® vs laryngeal mask airway in adults. Anaesthesia 2014; 69: 1151–62
Maitra S, Khanna P, Baidya DK. Comparison of laryngeal
mask airway Supreme and laryngeal mask airway Pro-Seal
for controlled ventilation during general anaesthesia in
adult patients: systematic review with meta-analysis. Eur J
Anaesthesiol 2014; 31: 266–73
Park SK, Choi GJ, Choi YS, Ahn EJ, Kang H. Comparison of the
i-gel and the laryngeal mask airway proseal during general
anesthesia: a systematic reviewand meta-analysis. PLoS One
; 10: e0119469
Chen X, Jiao J, Cong X, Liu L, Wu X. A comparison of the performance
of the I-gel™vs. the LMA-S™during anesthesia: a
meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One
; 8: e71910
López AM, Valero R, Hurtado P, Gambús P, Pons M,
Anglada T. Comparison of the LMA Supreme™ with the
LMA Proseal™ for airway management in patients anaesthetized
in prone position. Br J Anaesth 2011; 107: 265–71
Seet E, Rajeev S, Firoz T, et al. Safety and efficacy of laryngeal
mask airway Supreme versus laryngeal mask airway Pro-
Seal: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2010;
: 602–7
Hosten T, Gurkan Y, Ozdamar D, Tekin M, Toker K, Solak M.
A new supraglottic airway device: LMA-Supreme™, comparison
with LMA-Proseal™. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009;
: 852–7
Lee AKY, Tey JBL, Lim Y, Sia ATH. Comparison of the singleuse
LMA Supreme with the reusable ProSeal LMA for anaesthesia
in gynaecological laparoscopic surgery. Anaesth
Intensive Care 2009; 37: 815–9
Eschertzhuber S, Brimacombe J, Hohlrieder M, Keller C. The
Laryngeal Mask Airway Supreme™—a single use laryngeal
mask airway with an oesophageal vent. A randomised,
cross-over study with the Laryngeal Mask Airway ProSeal™
in paralysed, anaesthetised patients. Anaesthesia 2009; 64:
–83
Singh I, Gupta M, Tandon M. Comparison of clinical performance
of I-gel with LMA-ProSeal in elective surgeries.
Indian J Anaesth 2009; 53: 302–5
Chauhan G, Nayar P, Seth A, Gupta K, Panwar M, Agrawal N.
Comparison of clinical performance of the I-gel with LMA
Proseal. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2013; 29: 56–60
Mukadder S, Zekine B, Erdogan KG, et al. Comparison of the
proseal, supreme, and i-gel SAD in gynecological laparoscopic
surgeries. Scientific World J 2015; 2015: 634320
Schmidbauer W, Bercker S, Volk T, Bogusch G, Mager G,
Kerner T. Oesophageal seal of the novel supralaryngeal airway
device I-Gel™ in comparison with the laryngeal mask
airways Classic™ and ProSeal™ using a cadaver model. Br
J Anaesth 2009; 102: 135–9
Schmidbauer W, Genzwürker H, Ahlers O, Proquitte H,
Kerner T. Cadaver study of oesophageal insufflation with
supraglottic airway devices during positive pressure ventilation
in an obstructed airway. Br J Anaesth 2012; 109: 454–8
Russo SG, Cremer S, Galli T, et al. Randomized comparison of
the i-gel™, the LMA Supreme™, and the Laryngeal Tube
Suction-Dusing clinical and fibreoptic assessments in elective
patients. BMC Anesthesiol 2012; 12: 18
Shin W-J, Cheong Y-S, Yang H-S, Nishiyama T. The supraglottic
airway I-gel in comparison with ProSeal laryngeal
mask airway and classic laryngeal mask airway in anaesthetized
patients. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2010; 27: 598–601
Difficult Airway Society 2015 guidelines | 845
Downloaded from http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on February 7, 2016
Teoh WHL, Lee KM, Suhitharan T, Yahaya Z, Teo MM,
Sia ATH. Comparison of the LMA Supreme vs the i-gel™ in
paralysed patients undergoing gynaecological laparoscopic
surgery with controlled ventilation. Anaesthesia 2010; 65:
–9
Ragazzi R, Finessi L, Farinelli I, Alvisi R, Volta CA. LMA Supreme
™ vs i-gel™—a comparison of insertion success in
novices. Anaesthesia 2012; 67: 384–8
Kang F, Li J, Chai X, Yu J-G, Zhang H-M, Tang C-L. Comparison
of the I-gel laryngeal mask airway with the LMASupreme
for airway management in patients undergoing
elective lumbar vertebral surgery. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol
; 27: 37–41
Theiler LG, Kleine-Brueggeney M, Kaiser D, et al. Crossover
comparison of the laryngeal mask supreme and the i-gel
in simulated difficult airway scenario in anesthetized patients.
Anesthesiology 2009; 111: 55–62
Pajiyar AK,Wen Z,Wang H, Ma L, Miao L,Wang G. Comparisons
of clinical performance of Guardian laryngeal mask
with laryngeal mask airway ProSeal. BMC Anesthesiol 2015;
: 69
Genzwuerker HV, Altmayer S, Hinkelbein J, Gernoth C,
Viergutz T, Ocker H. Prospective randomized comparison
of the new Laryngeal Tube Suction LTS II and the LMA-Pro-
Seal for elective surgical interventions. Acta Anaesthesiol
Scand 2007; 51: 1373–7
Jeon WJ, Cho SY, Baek SJ, Kim KH. Comparison of the Proseal
LMA and intersurgical I-gel during gynecological laparoscopy.
Korean J Anesthesiol 2012; 63: 510–4
Sharma B, Sehgal R, Sahai C, Sood J. PLMA vs. I-gel: a
comparative evaluation of respiratory mechanics in laparoscopic
cholecystectomy. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2010;
: 451–7
Van Zundert TCRV, Brimacombe JR. Similar oropharyngeal
leak pressures during anaesthesia with i-gel, LMA-ProSeal
and LMA-Supreme Laryngeal Masks. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg
; 63: 35–41
Chew EEF, Hashim NHM, Wang CY. Randomised comparison
of the LMA Supreme with the I-Gel in spontaneously
breathing anaesthetised adult patients. Anaesth Intensive
Care 2010; 38: 1018–22
Joly N, Poulin L-P, Tanoubi I, Drolet P, Donati F, St-Pierre P.
Randomized prospective trial comparing two supraglottic
airway devices: i-gel™and LMA-Supreme™in paralyzed patients.
Can J Anaesth 2014; 61: 794–800
Cook TM, Cranshaw J. Randomized crossover comparison of
ProSeal Laryngeal Mask Airway with Laryngeal Tube Sonda
during anaesthesia with controlled ventilation. Br J Anaesth
; 95: 261–6
Kristensen MS, Teoh WH, Asai T. Which supraglottic
airway will serve my patient best? Anaesthesia 2014; 69:
–92
Alexiev V, Ochana A, Abdelrahman D, et al. Comparison of
the Baska® mask with the single-use laryngeal mask airway
in low-risk female patients undergoing ambulatory surgery.
Anaesthesia 2013; 68: 1026–32
Ramachandran SK, Mathis MR, Tremper KK, Shanks AM,
Kheterpal S. Predictors and clinical outcomes from failed
Laryngeal Mask Airway UniqueTM: a study of 15,795 patients.
Anesthesiology 2012; 116: 1217–26
Saito T, LiuW, ChewSTH, Ti LK. Incidence of and risk factors
for difficult ventilation via a supraglottic airway device in a
population of 14 480 patients from South-East Asia.
Anaesthesia 2015; 70: 1079–83
Howath A, Brimacombe J, Keller C. Gum-elastic bougieguided
insertion of the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway: a
new technique. Anaesth Intensive Care 2002; 30: 624–7
Taneja S, Agarwalt M, Dali JS, Agrawal G. Ease of Proseal Laryngeal
Mask Airway insertion and its fibreoptic view after
placement using Gum Elastic Bougie: a comparison with
conventional techniques. Anaesth Intensive Care 2009; 37:
–40
Brimacombe J, Keller C, Judd DV. Gum elastic bougie-guided
insertion of the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway is superior to
the digital and introducer tool techniques. Anesthesiology
; 100: 25–9
El Beheiry H, Wong J, Nair G, et al. Improved esophageal patency
when inserting the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway
with an Eschmann tracheal tube introducer. Can J Anaesth
; 56: 725–32
Eschertzhuber S, Brimacombe J, Hohlrieder M,
Stadlbauer KH, Keller C. Gum elastic bougie-guided insertion
of the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway is superior to
the digital and introducer tool techniques in patients with
simulated difficult laryngoscopy using a rigid neck collar.
Anesth Analg 2008; 107: 1253–6
Gasteiger L, Brimacombe J, Perkhofer D, Kaufmann M,
Keller C. Comparison of guided insertion of the LMA ProSeal
vs the i-gel? Anaesthesia 2010; 65: 913–6
Halaseh BK, Sukkar ZF, Hassan LH, Sia AT, Bushnaq WA,
Adarbeh H. The use of ProSeal laryngeal mask airway in caesarean
section—experience in 3000 cases. Anaesth Intensive
Care 2010; 38: 1023–8
Proseal LMA Instruction Manual. Available from https://
www.lmana.com/viewifu.php?ifu=19 (accessed 1 August
Caponas G. Intubating laryngeal mask airway. Anaesth
Intensive Care 2002; 30: 551–69
Ferson DZ, Rosenblatt WH, Johansen MJ, Osborn I,
Ovassapian A. Use of the intubating LMA-Fastrach in 254 patients
with difficult-to-manage airways. Anesthesiology 2001;
: 1175–81
Pandit JJ, MacLachlan K, Dravid RM, Popat MT. Comparison
of times to achieve tracheal intubation with three techniques
using the laryngeal or intubating laryngeal mask airway.
Anaesthesia 2002; 57: 128–32
Joo HS, Kapoor S, Rose DK, Naik VN. The intubating laryngeal
mask airway after induction of general anesthesia versus
awake fiberoptic intubation in patients with difficult
airways. Anesth Analg 2001; 92: 1342–6
Ruxton L. Fatal accident enquiry 15 into the death of Mr Gordon
Ewing. 2010. Glasgow: April. Available from https://
www.scotcourts.gov.uk/opinions/2010FAI15.html (accessed
April 2014)
Halwagi AE, Massicotte N, Lallo A, et al. Tracheal intubation
through the I-gel™ supraglottic airway versus the LMA Fastrach
™: a randomized controlled trial. Anesth Analg 2012;
: 152–6
Theiler L, Kleine-Brueggeney M, Urwyler N, Graf T, Luyet C,
Greif R. Randomized clinical trial of the i-gel™ and Magill
tracheal tube or single-use ILMA™ and ILMA™ tracheal
tube for blind intubation in anaesthetized patients with a
predicted difficult airway. Br J Anaesth 2011; 107: 243–50
Bakker EJ, Valkenburg M, Galvin EM. Pilot study of the air-Q
intubating laryngeal airway in clinical use. Anaesth Intensive
Care 2010; 38: 346–8
McAleavey F, Michalek P. Aura-i laryngeal mask as a conduit
for elective fibreoptic intubation. Anaesthesia 2010; 65: 1151
| Frerk et al.
Downloaded from http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on February 7, 2016
Danha RF, Thompson JL, Popat MT, Pandit JJ. Comparison of
fibreoptic-guided orotracheal intubation through classic
and single-use laryngeal mask airways. Anaesthesia 2005;
: 184–8
Campbell J, Michalek P, Deighan M. I-gel supraglottic airway
for rescue airway management and as a conduit for tracheal
intubation in a patient with acute respiratory failure.
Resuscitation 2009; 80: 963
Wong DT, Yang JJ, Mak HY, Jagannathan N. Use of intubation
introducers through a supraglottic airway to facilitate tracheal
intubation: a brief review. Can J Anaesth 2012; 59:
–15
Shimizu M, Yoshikawa N, Yagi Y, et al. [Fiberoptic-guided
tracheal intubation through the i-gel supraglottic airway].
Masui 2014; 63: 841–5
Kleine-Brueggeney M, Theiler L, Urwyler N, Vogt A, Greif R.
Randomized trial comparing the i-gel™ and Magill tracheal
tube with the single-use ILMA™ and ILMA™ tracheal tube
for fibreoptic-guided intubation in anaesthetized patients
with a predicted difficult airway. Br J Anaesth 2011; 107: 251–7
DarlongV, BiyaniG, BaidyaDK, Pandey R, Punj J. Air-Q blocker:
a novel supraglottic airway device for patients with difficult
airway and risk of aspiration. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol
; 30: 589–90
Ott T, Fischer M, Limbach T, Schmidtmann I, Piepho T,
Noppens RR. The novel intubating laryngeal tube (iLTS-D)
is comparable to the intubating laryngeal mask (Fastrach)
– a prospective randomised manikin study. Scand J Trauma
Resusc Emerg Med 2015; 23: 44
Atherton DP, O’Sullivan E, Lowe D, Charters P. Aventilationexchange
bougie for fibreoptic intubations with the laryngeal
mask airway. Anaesthesia 1996; 51: 1123–6
Fibreoptic guided tracheal intubation through aintree intubation
catheter. Available from http://www.das.uk.com/
guidelines/other/fibreoptic-guided-tracheal-intubationthrough-
sad-using-aintree-intubation-catheter (accessed
July 2015)
Berkow LC, Schwartz JM, Kan K, Corridore M, Heitmiller ES.
Use of the Laryngeal Mask Airway-Aintree Intubating Catheter-
fiberoptic bronchoscope technique for difficult intubation.
J Clin Anesth 2011; 23: 534–9
Cook TM, Silsby J, Simpson TP. Airway rescue in acute upper
airway obstruction using a ProSeal Laryngeal mask airway
and an Aintree Catheter: a review of the ProSeal Laryngeal
mask airway in the management of the difficult airway.
Anaesthesia 2005; 60: 1129–36
Cook TM, Seller C, Gupta K, Thornton M, O’Sullivan E. Nonconventional
uses of the Aintree Intubating Catheter in
management of the difficult airway. Anaesthesia 2007; 62:
–74
Izakson A, Cherniavsky G, Lazutkin A, Ezri T. The i-gel as a
conduit for the Aintree intubation catheter for subsequent
fiberoptic intubation Case description. Rom J Anaesth
Intensive Care 2014; 21: 131–3
Van Zundert TC, Wong DT, Van Zundert AA. The LMA-SupremeTM
as an intubation conduit in patients with known
difficult airways: a prospective evaluation study. Acta
Anaesthesiol Scand 2013; 57: 77–81
Greenland KB, Tan H, Edwards M. Intubation via a laryngeal
mask airway with an Aintree catheter - not all laryngeal
masks are the same. Anaesthesia 2007; 62: 966–7
Baker PA, Flanagan BT, Greenland KB, et al. Equipment to
manage a difficult airway during anaesthesia. Anaesth
Intensive Care 2011; 39: 16–34
Michael Harmer. The Case of Elaine Bromiley. Available
from http://www.chfg.org/resources/07_qrt04/Anonymous_
Report_Verdict_and_Corrected_Timeline_Oct07.pdf (accessed
April 2015)
Desforges JCW, McDonnell NJ. Sugammadex in the management
of a failed intubation in a morbidly obese patient.
Anaesth Intensive Care 2011; 39: 763–4
Mendonca C. Sugammadex to rescue a ‘can’t ventilate’ scenario
in an anticipated difficult intubation: is it the answer?
Anaesthesia 2013; 68: 795–9
Barbosa FT, da Cunha RM. Reversal of profound neuromuscular
blockade with sugammadex after failure of rapid sequence
endotracheal intubation: a case report. Rev Bras
Anestesiol 2012; 62: 281–4
Curtis RP. Persistent ‘can’t intubate, can’t oxygenate’ crisis
despite reversal of rocuronium with sugammadex: the importance
of timing. Anaesth Intensive Care 2012; 40: 722
Langvad S, Hyldmo PK, Nakstad AR, Vist GE, Sandberg M.
Emergency cricothyrotomy – a systematic review. Scand J
Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2013; 21: 43
Heard A. Percutaneous Emergency Oxygenation Strategies
in the ‘Can’t Intubate, Can’t Oxygenate’ Scenario. Smashworks
Editions; 2013. Available from https://www.smash
words.com/books/view/377530 (accessed 5 January 2014)
Lockey D, Crewdson K, Weaver A, Davies G. Observational
study of the success rates of intubation and failed intubation
airway rescue techniques in 7256 attempted intubations
of trauma patients by pre-hospital physicians. Br J
Anaesth 2014; 113: 220–5
Mabry RL, Nichols MC, Shiner DC, Bolleter S, Frankfurt A. A
comparison of two open surgical cricothyroidotomy techniques
by military medics using a cadaver model. Ann Emerg
Med 2014; 63: 1–5
Pugh HE, LeClerc S, Mclennan J. A review of pre-admission
advanced airway management in combat casualties, Helmand
Province 2013. J R Army Med Corps 2015; 161: 121–6
Howes TE, Lobo CA, Kelly FE, Cook TM. Rescuing the obese or
burned airway: are conventional training manikins adequate?
A simulation study. Br J Anaesth 2015; 114: 136–42
Kristensen MS, Teoh WH, Baker PA. Percutaneous emergency
airway access; prevention, preparation, technique
and training. Br J Anaesth 2015; 114: 357–61
Hamaekers AE, Henderson JJ. Equipment and strategies for
emergency tracheal access in the adult patient. Anaesthesia
; 66: 65–80
Crewdson K, Lockey DJ. Needle, knife, or device – which
choice in an airway crisis? Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med
; 21: 49
Wong DT, Prabhu AJ, Coloma M, Imasogie N, Chung FF.What
is the minimumtraining required for successful cricothyroidotomy?
A study in mannequins. Anesthesiology 2003; 98:
–53
Hubert V, Duwat A, Deransy R, Mahjoub Y, Dupont H. Effect
of simulation training on compliance with difficult airway
management algorithms, technical ability, and skills retention
for emergency cricothyrotomy. Anesthesiology 2014; 120:
–1008
Hubble MW, Wilfong DA, Brown LH, Hertelendy A,
Benner RW. A meta-analysis of prehospital airway control
techniques part II: alternative airway devices and cricothyrotomy
success rates. Prehosp Emerg Care 2010; 14: 515–30
Baker PA,Weller JM, Greenland KB, Riley RH, Merry AF. Education
in airway management. Anaesthesia 2011; 66(Suppl 2):
–11
Difficult Airway Society 2015 guidelines | 847
Downloaded from http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on February 7, 2016
Mabry RL. An analysis of battlefield cricothyrotomy in Iraq
and Afghanistan. J Spec Oper Med 2012; 12: 17–23
Levitan RM. Cricothyrotomy | Airway Cam - Airway Management
Education and Training. Available from http://www.
airwaycam.com/cricothyrotomy (accessed 4 August 2015)
Airway and ventilatory management. In: Douglas P, ed.
ATLS® Guidelines 9th Ed Kindle edition. Chicago: The
American College of Surgeons, 2012
Brofeldt BT, Panacek EA, Richards JR. An easy cricothyrotomy
approach: the rapid four-step technique. Acad Emerg
Med 1996; 3: 1060–3
Ross-Anderson DJ, Ferguson C, Patel A. Transtracheal jet
ventilation in 50 patients with severe airway compromise
and stridor. Br J Anaesth 2011; 106: 140–4
Bourgain JL. Transtracheal high frequency jet ventilation for
endoscopic airway surgery: a multicentre study. Br J Anaesth
; 87: 870–5
Craven RM, Vanner RG. Ventilation of a model lung using
various cricothyrotomy devices. Anaesthesia 2004; 59: 595–9
Heard A. Instructor Check-lists for Percutaneous Emergency
Oxygenation Strategies in the ‘Can’t Intubate, Can’t Oxygenate’
Scenario 2014.Available fromhttps://www.smashwords.
com/books/view/494739 (accessed 23 April 2015)
Heard AMB, Green RJ, Eakins P. The formulation and introduction
of a ‘can’t intubate, can’t ventilate’ algorithm into
clinical practice. Anaesthesia 2009; 64: 601–8
Melker JS, Gabrielli A. Melker Cricothyrotomy Kit: an alternative
to the surgical technique. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol
; 114: 525–8
Kristensen MS, Teoh WH, Rudolph SS, et al. Structured approach
to ultrasound-guided identification of the cricothyroid
membrane: a randomized comparison with the
palpation method in the morbidly obese. Br J Anaesth 2015;
: 1003–4
Kleine-Brueggeney M, Greif R, Ross S, et al. Ultrasoundguided
percutaneous tracheal puncture: a computer-tomographic
controlled study in cadavers. Br J Anaesth 2011; 106:
–42
Dinsmore J, Heard AMB, Green RJ. The use of ultrasound to
guide time-critical cannula tracheotomy when anterior
neck airway anatomy is unidentifiable. Eur J Anaesthesiol
; 28: 506–10
Mallin M, Curtis K, Dawson M, Ockerse P, Ahern M. Accuracy
of ultrasound-guided marking of the cricothyroid membrane
before simulated failed intubation. Am J Emerg Med
; 32: 61–3
World Alliance for Patient Safety. WHO Guidelines for Safe
Surgery. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008
Apfelbaum JL, Hagberg CA, Caplan RA, et al. Practice guidelines
for management of the difficult airway: an updated report
by theAmerican Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force
on Management of the Difficult Airway. Anesthesiology 2013;
: 251–70
Feinleib J, Foley L, Mark L. What we all should know about
our patient’s airway: difficult airway communications, database
registries, and reporting systems registries. Anesthesiol
Clin 2015; 33: 397–413
Hagberg C, Georgi R, Krier C. Complications of managing the
airway. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2005; 19: 641–59
Domino KB, Posner KL, Caplan RA, Cheney FW. Airway injury
during anesthesia: a closed claims analysis. J Am Soc
Anesthesiol 1999; 91: 1703
Woodall NM, Harwood RJ, Barker GL. Complications of
awake fibreoptic intubation without sedation in 200 healthy
anaesthetists attending a training course. Br J Anaesth 2008;
: 850–5
Gamlin F, Caldicott LD, Shah MV. Mediastinitis and sepsis
syndrome following intubation. Anaesthesia 1994; 49:
–5
Barron FA, Ball DR, Jefferson P, Norrie J. ‘Airway Alerts’.
How UK anaesthetists organise, document and communicate
difficult airway management. Anaesthesia 2003; 58:
–7
Mellado PF, Thunedborg LP, Swiatek F, Kristensen MS. Anaesthesiological
airway management in Denmark: assessment,
equipment and documentation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand
; 48: 350–4
Wilkes M, Beattie C, Gardner C, McNarry AF. Difficult airway
communication between anaesthetists and general practitioners.
Scott Med J 2013; 58: 2–6
Baker P, Moore C, Hopley L, Herzer K, Mark L. How do anaesthetists
in New Zealand disseminate critical airway information?
Anaesth Intensive Care 2013; 41: 334–41
Difficult Airway Society. Airway Alert Form. Available
from http://www.das.uk.com/guidelines/airwayalert.html
(accessed 4 August 2015)
Liban JB. Medic Alert UK should start new section for patients
with a difficult airway. Br Med J 1996; 313: 425
Medical Alert. Available from https://www.medicalert.org.
uk/ (accessed 4 August 2015)
Banks IC. The application of Read Codes to anaesthesia.
Anaesthesia 1994; 49: 324–7
Law JA, Broemling N, Cooper RM, et al. The difficult airway
with recommendations for management – Part 1 – Intubation
encountered in an unconscious/induced patient. Can
J Anaesth 2013; 60: 1089–118
Teoh WHL, Shah MK, Sia ATH. Randomised comparison of
Pentax AirwayScope and Glidescope for tracheal intubation
in patients with normal airway anatomy. Anaesthesia 2009;
: 1125–9
Hoshijima H, Kuratani N, Hirabayashi Y, Takeuchi R, Shiga T,
Masaki E. Pentax Airway Scope® vs Macintosh laryngoscope
for tracheal intubation in adult patients: a systematic review
and meta-analysis. Anaesthesia 2014; 69: 911–8
Behringer EC, Cooper RM, Luney S, Osborn IP. The comparative
study of video laryngoscopes to the Macintosh laryngoscope:
defining proficiency is critical. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2012;
: 158–9
Behringer EC, Kristensen MS. Evidence for benefit vs novelty
in new intubation equipment. Anaesthesia 2011; 66(Suppl 2):
–64
The Royal College of Anaesthetists CPD Matrix. Available
from http://www.rcoa.ac.uk/document-store/cpd-matrix
(accessed 4 August 2015)
Enlaces refback
- No hay ningún enlace refback.
Copyright (c)