Caracterización de pacientes con síndrome de distress respiratorio agudo en la unidad de cuidados intensivos / Characterization of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in intensive care unit

Mijail Hernández Oliva

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Introducción: El Síndrome de Distress Respiratorio Agudo (SDRA) es relativamente frecuente en cuidados intensivos.

Objetivo: Caracterizar a los pacientes que presentaron SDRA en la unidad de cuidados intensivos del Hospital Enrique Cabrera, en el período entre marzo 2012-2014.

Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional y prospectivo en 101 pacientes con SDRA. Las variables cuantitativas se resumieron mediante la media aritmética y la desviación estándar, valores mínimos y máximos. Las variables cualitativas fueron resumidas en porcentajes. Para identificar diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las categorías de algunas de las variables estudiadas se confeccionaron tablas de contingencia y se obtuvo el valor de prueba estadística de Chi cuadrado con un intervalo de confianza del 95% (p=0.05).

Resultados: La neumonía representó el 56.4% de las causas de SDRA, los pacientes con SDRA ligero egresaron vivos en el 85.7%; aquellos pacientes que no presentaron complicaciones egresaron vivos el 91,7%. El 33% de las complicaciones fueron neumonías asociadas a ventilación. Los pacientes con APACHE II mayor de 19 puntos tuvieron una mortalidad de 76% y con ventilación mecánica mayor de 19 días de 83,3%.

Conclusiones: La neumonía fue la principal causa del SDRA. La media de la relación PO2/FIO2 fue de 196.6 ± 69.9 y de la PEEP de 8,5 ± 3,3 cm H20. Los pacientes con distréss severo, los que presentaron graves complicaciones, tres o más órganos en falla, APACHE II ≥ 20 puntos y ventilación por 20 o más días presentaron mayor mortalidad.

Abstract:

Introduction: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is relatively frequent in intensive care.

Objective: To characterize the patients who presented ARDS in the intensive care unit at Enrique Cabrera Hospital in the period of time between March 2012-2014.

Method: A descriptive observational and prospective study in 101 patients with ARDS was performed. The quantitative variables resulted by mean arithmetic and standard deviation and by minimal and maximum values. The qualitative variables were offered in percentage. Statistically significant differences between the categories of some of the studied variables were identified by contingency tables and the statistical test value (X2) was obtained with a trusting interval of 95% (p=0.05).

Results: Pneumonia represented 56.4% of ARDS causes, the patients with mild ARDS were discharged alive in 85.7%; those patients who did not present complications were discharged alive in 91.7%. The complications were pneumonia associated to ventilation in 33%. The patients with APACHE II more than 19 points had a mortality of 76% and with mechanical ventilation more than 19 days a mortality of 83.3%.

Conclusions: The main ARDS cause was pneumonia. The medium value of PO2/FIO2 relation was 196.6 ± 69.9 and PEEP was 8.5 ± 3,3 cm H20. Patients with severe distress, who presented serious complications, three or more organs failure, APACHE II≥ 20 points and ventilation for 20 or more days presented higher mortality.

Palabras clave

Síndrome de distress respiratorio agudo; ventilación protectora; presión positiva al final de la espiración; definición de Berlín; mortalidad / : Acute respiratory distress syndrome; lung-protective ventilation; positive end-expiratory pressure; Berlin de

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